Pimsleur Conversational Dari (Persian) - Learn to Speak - Audio Book CD
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About Pimsleur Conversational Dari (Persian)
HEAR IT, LEARN IT, SPEAK IT®
What is the Pimsleur® difference?
The pimsleur foreign language learning approach is a language learning way developed by Pimsleur. The practice is founded on a few main issues : anticipation, graduated interval memory, basic vocabulary, with natural education. The Pimsleur approach is an audiobook scheme, in which the learner builds phrases or repeats from memory along with a recording. Foreign language programs usually necessitate a learner to repeat following an tutor, which Pimsleur argued was a passive system of remembering. Dr paul pimsleur developed a "challenge and reply" method, where a learner was prompted to change a saying into the target language, which was then fixed. This technique makes a more vigorous way of remembering, making the learner to think before responding. Dr paul pimsleur thought the tenet of anticipation reflected real conversations in that a speaker should recall a saying quickly.
Graduated time memory is a means of reviewing learned vocabulary at growing longer intervals. It is a rendering of retention by way of spaced repetition. For instance, if a learner learns the word deux French for two, then deux is tested every few seconds in the commencement, then each few minutes, then every few hours, and then each few days. The aim of this spaced memory is to aid the learner change vocabulary into long-term memory. The program uses an audio format because Pimsleur argued that the best part of pupils wanted first and foremost to learn to speak and understand. This aural expertise, learned through their ears and mouths, is a very different competence to the visual one of reading and writing. Pimsleur argued that these two independent skills - audition and vision - should not be confused. He referred to his auditory system as "organic learning," which entails studying grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation simultaneously.
About the Afghan Language Dari
Dari (Persian: دری) is the official name for the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan and is a synonymous term for Parsi.
Origin of the word "Dari"
There are several opinions about the origin of the word Dari. The majority of scholars believe that Dari refers to the Persian word darbār, meaning "Court", as it was the formal language of the Sassanids. This opinion is supported by medieval sources and early Islamic historians.
Geographical distribution
In Afghanistan, Dari is also called Farsi or Parsi. These various names have been used synonymously to refer to the spoken language.
Iranian languages are widely used language in Central Asia both by native speakers and as trade languages. Many of these languages are frequently mutually intelligible.
There are three different phases in the development of Indo-Iranian languages: Old, Middle, and Modern. Dari is a branch of the Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan) languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages. Old Dari/Farsi and the Avestan language represents the old stage of development and were spoken in ancient Bactria. The Avestan language is called Avestan because the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, Avesta, were written in this old form. Avestan died out long before the advent of Islam and except for scriptural use not much has remained of it. Old Dari, however, survived and there are many written records of old Dari, in cuneiform called Maikhi, in Khorasan.[citation needed] Old Dari was spoken until around the third century BC. It was a highly inflected language.
Also, due to large emigration from Afghanistan, there are thousands of Dari speakers around the world, notably in North America, Australia and many European countries. There are small minority groups of Dari speakers in Pakistan (mainly in NWFP).
Dari is the major language of Afghanistan, and is spoken in the northern and western parts, and the capital, Kabul, in the east. Approximately 70% of the population of Afghanistan are native speakers.
Grammar
The syntax of Dari does not differ greatly from Iran's Persian. The stress accent in Dari is different, but just as prominent as those in Iran's Persian. To mark attribution, spoken Dari uses the object marker -ra. The vowel system also differs from that of Iranian Persian, to some degree.
In addition, the major grammatical difference is the usage of continuous tense. In Iran's Persian, the verb “to have” (Persian: dāshtan) is used before any other verb to indicate a continuous action. While in Dari, the expression "dar hālé" (at the moment of), is used with the simple present or past tense to express a continuous state. Nevertheless, some Dari speakers in Afghanistan have recently adopted the structure used by Iranians.
History
Dari was the official language of the Sassanids' court. It emerged as the language of the Persians after the defeat of the Parthians by Ardeshir I in 226 CE. Dari is also referred to Middle Persian, or to a classic style of Persian language. The term "middle" Persian suggests the existence of an Old Persian and a New Persian. Old Persian was the language of the Achaemenids, which was overshadowed by Greek after the conquests of Alexander the Great.
The Old, Middle, and New Persian are and represent the same language at three stages of its history. The New Persian language is what is called today as Farsi or Dari. "Farsi" is the local name of the Persian of Iran and "Dari" is the local name of the Persian spoken in Afghanistan. The New Persian remains close to the Middle Persian in many respects. However, New Persian has taken many words from Arabic, as opposed to Middle Persian which was influenced, to a lesser degree, by Aramaic. The grammatical structure has also undergone minor changes, mainly in relations to verbal morphology and syntax.
The Muslim conquests broke the continued chain of the Persian language and Arabic (for two hundred years, i.e. 7–8 century CE) became the official language. The Persians, however, did not forget their own language and little by little, Middle Persian was being shaped into New Persian (or Dari) was influenced by Arabic loanwords and was written in the Arabic script. New Persian (or Dari) became the main language of people of Transoxiana and Khorasan in 9th century, and later, it became widespread in other parts of Iran, as well as non-Iranian regions such as India, and Anatolia . Therefore, Transoxiana and Khorasan are regarded by many as the birthplace of Persian language and Persian literature.
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